Saturday, 28 February 2015

Central Bank to move Supreme Court to take over GK management

Will formula a mechanism to repay depositors

By Suresh Perera


The Central Bank will be moving the Supreme Court (SC) to take over the management of the failed Golden Key and formulate a mechanism to reimburse depositors, a high-ranking official of the regulatory body said yesterday.

"We will be appealing to the SC through the Attorney General’s Department next week to acquire the operations of this company, which collapsed in 2008", he said.

The Fundamental Rights (FR) plea filed by a group of GK depositors will resume before the SC on March 11, 2015.

He said that the Central Bank will examine the possibility of liquidating assets and repaying investors if the SC gives the green light to directly intervene and take over the management of this Ceylinco subsidiary.

Asked whether the Central Bank will formulate a fresh repayment solution to grant relief to struggling depositors, the senior official replied, "Yes, we will work out a traditional plan on the lines of the formula adopted for Mercantile Credit".

He said that the newly-constituted GK Board of Directors has failed to restructure the company and move in a positive direction. "All the directors, except Mrs. Dushanthi Hapugoda, have already resigned".

"That’s not correct. Only three directors – Priyantha Fernando, Aruna Lekamge and Jehan Amaratunge – have stepped down so far", Hapugoda countered. "The others are intact".

She said that she tendered her resignation at the last board meeting on Wednesday, but the Chairman had declined to accept it saying that Central Bank Governor Arjuna Mahendran had wanted the company to function smoothly for the next three months.

"I am prepared to bow down at any time", she noted. "It is not my intention to hang on to this if there are changes in the pipeline".

Asked whether the appointment of a full-time Task Force to GK by the Central Bank was decided on at Friday’s meeting depositors’ associations had with the Governor, the top official said, "There is no such move. We want to acquire GK with SC approval and look at how redress could be granted to investors".

It has transpired that the GK CEO, Dinesh Perera has drawn a salary of Rs. 5.3 million over the past eleven months. He had been recruited on a monthly remuneration of Rs. 525,000, which was subsequently reduced to Rs. 375,000 despite the Monetary Board of the Central Bank indicating that individual salaries should not exceed Rs. 200,000, an official said.

Amidst last week’s assurance by Finance Minister, Ravi Karunanayake that funds of GK depositors will be reimbursed, there were reservations in some quarters whether Lalith Kotelawala will fall in line to return billions of rupees to investors.

"That is the critical question because Kotelawala was personally not a party to this undertaking by the Finance Minister", depositors pointed out. "If he can give television interviews, he could have, at least, issued a statement supporting the Minister’s pledge".

Asked by The Sunday Island whether Kotelawala has given a firm assurance that all GK depositors will be repaid their dues, Karunanayake replied, "No, there is no such undertaking, but the Finance Ministry has intervened to look at what is going on".

This is akin to Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark, an investor protested. "As it was Kotelawala who mustered deposits as the then GK Chairman, he should have corroborated the Minister’s statement".

"Since this Ceylinco subsidiary folded up six years ago, has Kotelawala ever honored his pledges to depositors?", queried Hapugoda, president of the GKCC All Depositors’ Association.

More than 20 depositors have died so far and many more were thrown on to the streets after they lost their hard-earned savings, but what has Kotelawala done to offer relief?, she asked. "All his promises were mere empty words".

"We find it difficult to trust a man who gave a categorical assurance to depositors at the BMICH meeting, shortly after GK crashed in December 2008, that every cent would be paid back", Hapugoda elaborated. "Then in June 2011, he submitted a repayment plan to the Supreme Court to repay 80% of investments".

Three years have gone by, but this undertaking is yet to see the light of day, she said. "He could not be contacted for many months since assuring court that he will reimburse deposits".

Kotelawala didn’t give any assets voluntarily and as a result, it was a battle to liquidate some of his properties and repay Rs. 300,000 per depositor over a six-year period. "We could have certainly done more to grant redress, but he has continuously blocked us from acquiring his assets".

Asked whether a repayment plan has been worked out to settle depositors within the limited 100-day timeframe, Minister Karunanayake said that discussions and negotiations are ongoing.

"Without speculating on this, it is better that we meet up to discuss the issue", he suggested. "We have intervened to grant relief".

Karunanayake told the meeting that the management of the Ceylinco Group of Companies has given a written undertaking to pay back the money to GK depositors prior to the completion of the 100-day program of the government.

It was reported that the Ceylinco Group, at the discussion with the Minister, expressed their willingness to settle the matter without litigation. They had assured him that they would dispose of assets to repay depositors.

They were also scheduled to meet with the Central Bank Governor for advice on a repayment mechanism.

The Minister told the media that the issue had dragged on because of the adverse economic situation in the country during the Rajapaksa regime and lukewarm attitude of the then Central Bank Governor.

Hapugoda said that Kotalawala was not present at the meeting the Minister summoned with depositors’ associations, where a document was passed around seeking consent for the new repayment initiative.

"I declined to sign it as there is an ongoing case before the Supreme Court and any settlement outside the judicial process could amount to contempt of court", she asserted.

"How can we sign a document without any knowledge of the repayment formula to be adopted?", she asked. "It is nothing but fair that we should be told how the whole process will work and how justice will be meted out".

"It’s good if the Minister can resolve this protracted issue, but it should be done within the ambit of the law", she suggested. "It should be borne in mind that Kotelawala doesn’t do what he says and is swift to capitalize on opportunities".

He didn’t implement his own repayment plan forwarded to the Supreme Court in 2011, she noted. "He has been playing around with the hopes of 9,000 helpless investors", she asserted.

Hapugoda stressed that despite pressure, the FR case will not be withdrawn. "What would be our plight if Kotelawala refused to reimburse depositors after we withdraw the case?"

"The bitter experiences with him were many and we don’t want a repetition of the ‘frying pan into the fire’ episode", she said. "We cannot allow him to continue leading us up the garden path".

She said that the meeting with the Minister was a sequel to written representations made to President Maithripala Sirisena.
www.island.lk

Sri Lanka has golden opportunity for institutional reforms: Eran

COLOMBO(EconomyNext) – Investors should look at Sri Lanka from long term perspective and take into account that fundamental institutional reforms are underway which will improve investor protection and rule of law, Deputy Investment Minister Eran Wickramaratne said.

Sri Lanka was now working on constitutional changes that will rebalance the powers to the executive and the parliament. Other changes will also see the public service being made independent and judicial independence strengthened.

"Investors should look at the country from a long term perspective," Wickramaratne said. 


"They should take into account there has been a change. This change was largely about creating a good governance framework.

He said by appointing the most senior judge in the Supreme Court as the Chief Justice and removing an earlier incumbent who was appointed and acted in controversial circumstances the judiciary had been given a chance to asserts its own independence.

He said an independent judiciary was vital for contracts to be enforced and especially if there was a dispute with the state as a counterparty, investors had to have an assurance that justice will be done.

Reforms involving a constitutional council to make senior appointments will make the public sector independent and strengthen key institutions. Institutional weaknesses have been cited as a negative for Sri Lanka’s sovereign credit.

The new administration has come under fire for some of their spending proposals, particularly a steep salary hike for the state sector and other subsidies which ordinary people including the poor may have to pay dearly in the future, perhaps through a currency depreciation.

Some one-off taxes – which will help reduce the possibility of currency depreciation – has also come under fire for undermining rule of law and traditional concepts of tax justice.

But Wickramaratne said some of the spending and taxing proposals were needed to ‘win the social peace.’

Golden Opportunity
Sri Lanka now had a rare opportunity for the two key political parties to get together and create a better institutional framework for freedom and rule of law.

President Maithripala Sirisena from the Sri Lanka Freedom Party is now the President and Prime Minister Ranil Wicrkramasinghe is from the United National Party.

"We have got a golden opportunity. When I say `we’ here, I am talking about the government and the main opposition party - the UNP and Sri Lanka Freedom Party in particular.

"We had this opportunity in 2000 when President Kumaratunga brought a new constitution to parliament to address some of the issues we are taking about today.

"But unfortunately at that point in time, the UNP in opposition did not did not vote for that change. Of course it had its reasons but I would still regard it as a missed opportunity 15 years ago

"Those opportunities do not always arise in a country or society for the two main parties to get together in supporting reforms.

"Now we have another opportunity, we have to look at this opportunity very carefully because if we miss it I may take 20 to 25 years for it to happen again."
www.island.lk

India setting up international stock exchange to compete with Singapore, Dubai and Hong Kong

By S Venkat Narayan,

The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd (BSE) are setting up an international exchange in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Gujarat’s capital Gandhinagar to compete for global customers with the DGCX in Dubai, the SGX in Singapore and HKEx in Hong Kong.


The two exchanges will work towards moving the centre of gravity of key trading segments back to India.

On Thursday, the NSE announced that it is setting up an international exchange in a special economic zone (SEZ) being developed as the country’s first International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) by Gujarat International Finance Tec-City Co. Ltd (GIFT) in Gujarat state’s capital Gandhinagar.

The announcement came ahead of the Union Budget on Saturday, which is expected to detail guidelines for IFSCs to facilitate offshore banking, currency convertibility and incentives to insurance and other financial services companies to operate from the SEZ.

The NSE’s agreement with GIFT, signed on Thursday, involves the setting up of an international bourse that will offer trading in equities, interest rates and currencies among other asset classes.

This comes a month after BSE Ltd signed a similar deal with GIFT, entailing an investment of INR 1.5 billion.

"In the absence of an IFSC in India, India has lost roughly 50% market share in the two most important India-related products: with rupee and Index being mostly traded on foreign platforms instead of onshore trading in such products," a GIFT statement released on January 12 had said.

Chitra Ramkrishna, NSE’s managing director (MD) and chief executive officer (CEO),?said: "We at NSE would like to be a part of the vision of the government to develop an international financial services centre in India. This will help the nation compete with other similar destinations. This will allow Indian and international entities to deal in financial products and services from India, making GIFT-India as one of the foremost international financial centres in the world."

Ramkrishna said details like investment amount or the scale of operation will be worked out soon, with the new rules to finance SEZs expected soon. GIFT is one of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s pet projects when he was chief minister of Gujarat. It is now projected as the first of 100 smart cities the government plans to build across India, and is seen as India’s reply to the international finance centres of Dubai, Singapore and Hong Kong.

It is estimated that GIFT will provide 500,000 direct, and an equal number of indirect, jobs, which would require 62 million sq. ft of commercial, residential and social facilities, with a total investment of about INR 780 billion over the next 10 years.

GIFT Co. is a 50:50 joint venture (JV) between Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ltd (IL&FS) and the state government-owned Gujarat Urban Development Co. (GUDC). Of the 880 acres allotted to GIFT City, about 250 acres is earmarked for the IFSC. This will be treated as an SEZ.

Ramakant Jha, MD and group CEO, GIFT City, said: "We welcome NSE at GIFT City to establish an international exchange. With the operating guidelines being issued by the Indian Ministry of Finance for IFSC, our aim is to make GIFT at or above par with other globally benchmarked financial centres."

"This MoU (memorandum of understanding) would help in attracting various international services and, thereby, create an eco-system for operation of an international exchange in the country," Mint business daily quoted him as saying.

The government, in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India, may also have to tweak the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) to accommodate the special needs of an IFSC. The National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) submitted a concept note to the ministry of finance on February 6 detailing the objectives and the policy framework for setting up finance SEZs in India.

The 21-page report, titled Policy Framework for Finance SEZ, highlights the steps and short-term actions that may be adopted to start a finance SEZ. It suggests that till the time the Indian Financial Code (which would provide a comprehensive framework for a world-class financial system) is not enacted, a specialized law for a financial SEZ can be passed.

Another alternative, it says, is to notify new guidelines as per the SEZ Act, 2005, as applicable to a finance SEZ. The rationale for such a project, the concept note says, is the fact that an estimated INR 13.34 billion per day, or INR 2 trillion per year, for trading in rupee derivatives trading, is going to locations outside India.

The report proposes exchanges based in such SEZs can compete for global customers with the DGCX in Dubai or the SGX in Singapore.

The report suggests that taxation inside a finance SEZ has to be rationalized. GIFT’s Jha is also hoping for an alternative dispute resolution system, similar to the special court in Dubai financial service centre.

Pradip Shah, who runs IndAsia, a corporate finance, private equity, and investment advisory, says that IFSCs will give a huge boost to the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP). He said that 12-13% of the UK’s gross domestic product (GDP) comes from financial services, the highest such measure in all G7 economies.

Ireland set up an IFSC in 1987 and it employs 32,700 people directly and contributes 7.8% to the Irish GDP, added Shah, who was the founder-managing director of Crisil Ltd, India’s first and largest credit rating agency. He also assisted in the founding of Housing Development Finance Corp. Ltd (HDFC), India’s first retail housing finance company, in 1977.

The US offers Delaware as a convenient location for registering firms—945,000 are registered there, generating revenues of such a scale that Delaware levies no sales tax. Switzerland, according to Shah, manages $2.1 trillion of offshore money; Britain and its Channel/Caribbean islands manage $1.9 trillion, while Singapore has $1.3 trillion of offshore assets under its care.
www.island.lk

Sri Lanka tightens monetary policy by normalizing liquidity window

COLOMBO (EconomyNext) -

Sri Lanka has effectively tightened monetary policy ending an administrative procedure that kept overnight interest rates below the official 6.50 percent floor of the policy rate corridor.

From March 02, a restriction brought in September 2014 that limited banks from depositing excess cash at the Central Banks standing 6.50 percent window to only three days and the rest at 5.0 percent will be lifted, banks were informed Friday, days after the official monetary policy statement.

The restriction in September brought overnight gilt-backed rate down from about 6.6 percent to as low as 5.2 percent on some days and the unbacked call rate to 5.85 percent on some days from 6.8 percent levels.

The lifting of the restriction will make gilt backed overnight rates back to around 6.5 percent, analysts say.

The ceiling of the policy rate corridor is 8.0 percent but with only partially sterilized legacy excess liquidity dating back from a period of weak or negative credit, the interbank markets are flushed with cash when term auction mature.

Sri Lanka’s credit growth picked up from around August 2014 and in December 76 billion rupees of loans were disbursed, a historic high, the Central Bank said.

With credit staring to move higher, Central Bank is now fencing with the excess cash in forex markets in unsterilized dollar sales and mopping up the excess liquidity with foreign resrves.

Meanwhile a revised January 29 budget hiked state sector salaries and prices of petroleum was also cut, which would pressure credit markets. In February 12-month inflation fell to 0.6 percent, an 11-year low partly due to administrative cuts in prices in the budget.

In a separate move, the state raised 10 billion rupees from a 30-year bond at an average of 11.73 percent, with the cut off hovering around 12.5 percent, according to market sources.
www.island.lk

Interim report on SriLankan Airlines by Mar. 15

By Randima Attygalle

The interim report of the probe into alleged irregularities and abuse of power by the management of SriLankan Airlines is expected by March 15, the media spokesman for the Minister of Ports, Shipping and Aviation, Thameera Manju said on Friday. The final report of the committee headed by senior lawyer J.C. Weliamuna and three others is due on March 30.

The spokesman said the committee is "completely independent and totally free of political interference - so much so we cannot even comment on the progress of the investigation."

Weliamuna said that the investigations are being carried out and he is not in a position to comment on the response of SriLankan employees to a notice calling for information with an assurance of confidentiality.

An ‘urgent notice’ sent to all employees of the Sri Lankan Airlines, requested submission of ‘vital information directly to the Board of Inquiry.’ It has provided a postal address, an email address and a mobile number of the Board of Inquiry with the assurance that ‘no staff member will be subjected to any form of victimization by disclosing such information to the Board of Inquiry.’

It further says that ‘any staff member who wishes to meet the Board of Inquiry may seek a personal appointment by phone or by a request made to the above email address.’ The notice had assured confidentiality of such disclosed information.

An airline official, responding to a claim that some employees had not received this emailed notice, said that the notification was sent to all staff members of the airline provided an official email. Certain employees such as ground staff with no access to an email account were informed through notices displayed in their respective departments.

"There are certain departments with one group email account and for the benefit of staff members on group email accounts, we made notices available in all departments," he said. If any employee entitled to an official email had not received it, this may be due to a ‘full inbox’ issues.
www.island.lk

Inflation drops significantly in February 2015


Inflation, as measured by the change in the Colombo Consumers’ Price Index (CCPI) (2006/07=100), which is computed by the Department of Census and Statistics, decreased to 0.6 per cent on year-on-year basis in February 2015, the lowest level recorded since February 2004. Annual average inflation also declined from 3.2 per cent recorded in January to 2.9 per cent in February 2015.

CCPI declined significantly by 2.3 per cent in February 2015 compared to the previous month. The downward revision of fuel prices effected during January 2015 and the reduction of price/import duty of both food and non-food items as proposed in the Interim budget 2015 contributed heavily towards this monthly decline in the index . Liquid fuel, LP Gas and bus fares in the Non-food category recorded considerable declines in prices. This monthly decline in inflation was further supported by the decline in the prices of food items such as rice, most varieties of fish and vegetables. However, prices of eggs, coconuts, fruits and some varieties of vegetables recorded increases during the month. 


Within the Non-food category, sub groups of Housing, Water, Electricity, Gas and other Fuels; and Transport declined significantly reflecting the impact of recent downward administered price revisions while prices in Clothing and Footwear sub group increased. However, sub groups of Furnishing, Household Equipment and Routine Household Maintenance; Health; Communication; Recreation and Culture; Education; and Miscellaneous Goods and Services remained unchanged during the month.

Core inflation, which reflects the underlying inflation in the economy, declined significantly from 2.1 per cent in January 2015 to 0.8 per cent in February 2015 on a year on year basis. Annual average core inflation during February 2015 was 3.2 per cent, compared to 3.4 per cent recorded in January 2015.

Hayleys Rs 2 b debenture full

Hayleys PLC Rs 2 billion worth of debenture has been oversubscribed yesterday.The company has received applications for over Rs 2 billion for the above debenture issue and therefore the issue closed yesterday as per the prospectus. The basis of allotment will be notified to the Colombo Stock Exchange in due course. The company issued 20,000, 000 Senior, Unsecured, Listed, redeemable debentures at an issue price of Rs. 100 each
www.dailynews.lk

Singhe Hospital to raise Rs 250 m in IPO

In a move to raise capital for expanding its operations, Singhe Hospital Ratnapura will begin initial public offering on March 12.

The main objective of the IPO is to raise capital for new investments while maintaining the gearing ratio at optimal level.It is expected to raise Rs.250 m by issuing 100 m shares at Rs.2.50 each.The share issue amounts to 25% of the total shares and the banking partner of this venture will be the Bank of Ceylon while the Merchant Bank of Sri Lanka is managing the share issue.

"Singhe Hospital is in a competitive stance with any other leading private hospital in terms of facilities, technology and hospitality. The number of patients visiting the hospital is increasing day by day. It is a clear indication that Singhe Hospital is a trusted tertiary care institute providing top notch medical services not only in Sabaragamuwa but also in the island at large," Chairman A.M. Weerasinghe said.Singhe Hospital has recorded success in every sector within two years. Particularly, higher performance in finance, marketing and operations contributed in this respect. Currently Singhe Hospital records an annual turnover of more than Rs 220 m. In comparison to the first year of its operations this is nearly a 560% growth.

Singhe Hospital is the brainchild of A.M. Weerasinghe, the founder of Royal Ceramics fame. Many of Weerasinghe's business ventures saw tremendous success. Presently, he serves as a director of Royal Ceramics too. Previously he was the chairman of Royal Ceramics and LB Finance.
www.dailynews.lk

PABC posts Rs 415.2 m PAT in 2014

Pan Asia Bank recorded an impressive 265 % growth in profit after tax for the financial year ended December 31, 2014 to post Rs. 415.2 million on the back of strong core-banking performance, non-fund based income and efficient cost management.

The pre-tax profit too grew by three folds to Rs. 538.4 million. These results were achieved in spite of substantial provision for impairment on loans and other losses of Rs.815 million.

The bank's December quarter (4Q'14) results too followed suit with a profit of Rs.138.1 million for the quarter setting the stage for a sustainable growth momentum in the years ahead. The bank's top line measured by the Net Interest Income (NII) rose by a commendable 350 % year-on-year (yoy) in the 4Q'14 to Rs.850.1 million and 31 % for the whole year to Rs. 2.7 billion due to significantly higher growth in loan book and prudent asset and liability management.

Loans and receivables has grown by 34% to Rs. 63.3 billion which is by far the highest in the industry amid lackluster demand for credit in the economy as the private credit grew by only 9 % in 2014. The bank has successfully managed the narrowing banking sector margins by increasing its Net Interest Margin (NIM) by 13% to 3.82% as the drop in the bank's cost of deposits outweighed the drop in loan yields in the lower interest environment. 
www.dailynews.lk

SEC to give investors a fair deal

Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Thilak Karunaratne said the SEC's objective is to formulate a well regulated capital market where all the investors get a fair deal.

The SEC is working on addressing the existing weak points by bringing more amendments to our Act. It will give us more strength and teeth to take care of shortcomings in the capital market.

Karunaratne also added that the Securities and Exchange Commission was looking forward to closely working with the Colombo Stock Exchange.
www.dailynews.lk

Janashakthi records Rs. 8.9 bn GWP

Janashakthi Insurance PLC recorded profit before tax in excess of LKR 1 Bn as of December 31, 2014, showing healthy growth amidst regulatory change in the insurance sector.

As the company celebrated two decades of existence, Janashakthi posted a Gross Written Premium of LKR 8.9 Bn as of December 31, 2014, compared to LKR 8.7 Bn in the previous year.

The Gross Written Premium of Non-Life Insurance segment of the company was LKR 6.8 Bn compared to LKR 6.5 Bn previous year. This is a 4% year on year growth in the Non-Life Insurance Business. This growth has been achieved mainly due to significant contribution made by the Non Motor Business sector.

Janashakthi performed exceptionally well in the Non motor segment, with the company recording 14.47% growth, particularly impressive considering that overall industry growth was 1.47%. The Motor business in particular performed well in the latter part of the year, growing even in an industry which saw sluggish growth.

Janashakthi’s assets base grew to LKR 20.8 Bn compared to LKR 18.6 Bn, an impressive feat given prevailing industry conditions. Net assets per share rose to LKR 14.34 compared to LKR 12.48 the previous year indicating the sustainable value creation by the company towards its stakeholders.

This growth was reflected in Janashakthi’s share prices. Market price per share showed strong growth at LKR 23.20 compared to LKR 12.70 the previous year, reflecting market confidence in the brand.
www.island.lk

Fitch affirms Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka at ‘AAA(lka)’/Stable

Fitch Ratings has affirmed Distilleries Company of Sri Lanka PLC’s (DIST) National Long-Term Rating at ‘AAA(lka)’. The Outlook is Stable.

Leading Alcohol Manufacturer: DIST continues to be the market leader in alcoholic beverage production in Sri Lanka due to its strong brands, which drive demand and access to retail points across the island. DIST’s diversified product portfolio includes its mass market Extra Special Arrack brand, which accounts for about 80% of sales, as well as licensed international brands channelled through its subsidiary Periceyl (Pvt) Ltd. The government’s plans to impose a minimum tax of LKR200m per month on liquor manufacturers will deter new players and adversely impact the profitability of smaller players. This is likely to allow the larger producers such as DIST to gain market share.

As of the latest published statistics, DIST accounted for 53% of Sri Lanka’s total alcoholic beverage production and 79% of the country’s total arrack production. DIST’s arrack production accounts for over 95% of its volumes.

Positive Outlook for Demand: Government measures including increases in public-sector salaries and allowances, and reductions in the prices of essential goods, fuel and electricity are likely to increase real disposable income, which would lead to an uptick in spirit consumption.

Increasing Preference for Beer: Beer demand continues to grow despite an overall decline in the domestic alcoholic beverage industry. Latest statistics show domestic beer production rose 21% in 2013, compared with growth of 14% in 2012. This reflects increasing demand for strong beer (over 5% alcohol content), which accounted for 89% of total beer production at end-2013. This compares with declines in arrack production of 12% and 9% over 2013 and 2012, resulting in a market share contraction for arrack, the main market for DIST.

Resilient Operating Profile: Profitability remains resilient, reflected in a high and improving EBITDA margin of 35.6% for the financial year ended 31 March 2014 (FY14), up from 33.5% in FY13, due to sourcing strategies and DIST’s ability to pass on tax increases to the consumer.

Regulatory Risk: The industry is highly regulated, with a complete ban on advertising and licensing across the value chain acting as a barrier to entry. The industry is also characterised by high and frequent tax revisions, putting increasing pressure on industry players; this risk is partially mitigated by liquor’s contribution to government coffers, with liquor taxes expected to account for an estimated 5.1% of total government revenue in 2014.
www.island.lk